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What is Free Evolution? Free evolution is the notion that the natural processes of living organisms can cause them to develop over time. This includes the development of new species as well as the change in appearance of existing species. Numerous examples have been offered of this, such as different varieties of fish called sticklebacks that can live in salt or fresh water, as well as walking stick insect varieties that are attracted to specific host plants. These reversible traits can't, however, be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans. Evolution by Natural Selection The development of the myriad of living organisms on Earth is a mystery that has intrigued scientists for decades. Charles Darwin's natural selectivity is the best-established explanation. This process occurs when those who are better adapted survive and reproduce more than those who are less well-adapted. As time passes, a group of well-adapted individuals increases and eventually becomes a new species. Natural selection is a process that is cyclical and involves the interaction of three factors including reproduction, variation and inheritance. Sexual reproduction and mutations increase genetic diversity in an animal species. Inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic traits, which include recessive and dominant genes and their offspring. Reproduction is the process of generating fertile, viable offspring. 에볼루션게이밍 can be accomplished via sexual or asexual methods. Natural selection is only possible when all these elements are in harmony. If, for instance an allele of a dominant gene makes an organism reproduce and survive more than the recessive gene allele The dominant allele becomes more prevalent in a population. However, if the gene confers an unfavorable survival advantage or reduces fertility, it will be eliminated from the population. The process is self reinforcing, which means that the organism with an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce far more effectively than one with a maladaptive characteristic. The more offspring an organism can produce, the greater its fitness that is determined by its capacity to reproduce and survive. People with good characteristics, like having a longer neck in giraffes and bright white colors in male peacocks are more likely to survive and have offspring, so they will become the majority of the population over time. Natural selection is an aspect of populations and not on individuals. This is a major distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory which holds that animals acquire traits due to the use or absence of use. For instance, if a animal's neck is lengthened by stretching to reach for prey and its offspring will inherit a longer neck. The differences in neck size between generations will increase until the giraffe is no longer able to reproduce with other giraffes. Evolution by Genetic Drift Genetic drift occurs when alleles from a gene are randomly distributed in a population. At some point, one will attain fixation (become so common that it can no longer be removed by natural selection), while other alleles will fall to lower frequency. In the extreme this, it leads to a single allele dominance. Other alleles have been basically eliminated and heterozygosity has been reduced to zero. In a small group, this could result in the complete elimination the recessive gene. This is known as the bottleneck effect and is typical of the evolution process that occurs when a large number individuals migrate to form a population. A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when the survivors of a catastrophe like an outbreak or mass hunting incident are concentrated in a small area. The remaining individuals are likely to be homozygous for the dominant allele which means they will all have the same phenotype, and thus have the same fitness traits. This situation could be caused by war, earthquakes or even plagues. The genetically distinct population, if it is left susceptible to genetic drift. Walsh Lewens, Lewens, and Ariew use Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew use a “purely outcome-oriented” definition of drift as any deviation from the expected values of differences in fitness. They give a famous example of twins that are genetically identical and have identical phenotypes and yet one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives and reproduces. This type of drift is crucial in the evolution of a species. But, it's not the only method to evolve. The primary alternative is a process known as natural selection, where phenotypic variation in the population is maintained through mutation and migration. Stephens asserts that there is a big distinction between treating drift as a force, or a cause and considering other causes of evolution such as mutation, selection and migration as forces or causes. Stephens claims that a causal process account of drift allows us to distinguish it from the other forces, and that this distinction is crucial. He also argues that drift is both a direction, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined by population size. Evolution by Lamarckism Students of biology in high school are often introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lemarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is generally referred to as “Lamarckism” and it states that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms by the inheritance of characteristics that result from the natural activities of an organism use and misuse. Lamarckism can be demonstrated by the giraffe's neck being extended to reach higher leaves in the trees. This process would cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to offspring, who then get taller. Lamarck Lamarck, a French zoologist, presented a revolutionary concept in his 17 May 1802 opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged the traditional thinking about organic transformation. In his opinion living things had evolved from inanimate matter via a series of gradual steps. Lamarck wasn't the only one to make this claim, but he was widely thought of as the first to give the subject a comprehensive and general treatment. The predominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory on natural selection and Lamarckism were competing in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed, leading to what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that acquired characteristics can be inherited, and instead suggests that organisms evolve by the symbiosis of environmental factors, like natural selection. While Lamarck supported the notion of inheritance through acquired characters and his contemporaries also spoke of this idea but it was not a central element in any of their evolutionary theories. This is partly due to the fact that it was never validated scientifically. It has been more than 200 years since the birth of Lamarck, and in the age genomics there is a growing evidence base that supports the heritability-acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as “neo Lamarckism”, or more often epigenetic inheritance. This is a variant that is just as valid as the popular Neodarwinian model. Evolution by Adaptation One of the most widespread misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a sort of struggle to survive. This view is inaccurate and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The fight for survival can be better described as a fight to survive in a particular environment. This may be a challenge for not just other living things as well as the physical environment itself. To understand how evolution functions, it is helpful to think about what adaptation is. The term “adaptation” refers to any characteristic that allows living organisms to live in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physical structure, like fur or feathers. Or it can be a characteristic of behavior such as moving to the shade during hot weather, or coming out to avoid the cold at night. An organism's survival depends on its ability to obtain energy from the surrounding environment and interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism needs to have the right genes to create offspring, and it should be able to locate sufficient food and other resources. Furthermore, the organism needs to be capable of reproducing itself in a way that is optimally within its environment. visit , along with gene flow and mutation result in a change in the proportion of alleles (different forms of a gene) in a population's gene pool. As time passes, this shift in allele frequencies could lead to the emergence of new traits, and eventually new species. A lot of the traits we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, like the lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, fur or feathers to provide insulation, long legs for running away from predators and camouflage to hide. To understand adaptation, it is important to distinguish between behavioral and physiological characteristics. Physical traits such as thick fur and gills are physical characteristics. Behavior adaptations aren't like the tendency of animals to seek companionship or to retreat into the shade during hot temperatures. Furthermore it is important to note that a lack of forethought does not make something an adaptation. Inability to think about the implications of a choice, even if it appears to be logical, can cause it to be unadaptive.